Arctic Wolf or Canis lupus arctos

Arctic Wolf or Canis lupus arctos The Arctic wolf (Canis lupus arctos) is a subspecies of the grey wolf that inhabits the Arctic regions of North America and Greenland. Arctic wolves are also known as polar wolves or white wolves. Appearance Arctic wolves are similar in build to other grey wolf subspecies. They are slightly smaller in size than other grey wolf subspecies and have smaller ears and a shorter nose. The most prominent difference between arctic wolves and other grey wolf subspecies is their all-white coat, which remains white throughout the year. Arctic wolves have a coat of fur that is specially adapted to the extreme cold climate in which they live. Their fur consists of an outer layer of fur that grows thick when the winter months arrive and an inner layer of fur that forms a waterproof barrier close to the skin. Adult Arctic wolves weigh between 75 and 125 pounds. They grow to lengths of between 3 and 6 feet. Arctic wolves have sharp teeth and powerful jaws, characteristics fitting for a carnivore. Arctic wolves can eat large quantities of meat which enables them to survive for the sometimes long periods between prey captures. Climate and Ecosystem Arctic wolves have not been subjected to the intense hunting and persecution that other grey wolf subspecies have. This is due to the fact that arctic wolves inhabit regions that are largely unpopulated by humans. The greatest threat to Arctic wolves is climate change. Climate change has caused a cascade of effects throughout Arctic ecosystems. Climate variations and extremes have altered the composition of Arctic vegetation which has, in turn, had a negative impact on populations of herbivores in the Arctic. This, in turn, has affected populations of Arctic wolf who rely on herbivores for prey. The diet of Arctic wolves consists primarily of muskox, Arctic hares, and caribou. Arctic wolves form packs that can consist of just a few individuals to as many as 20 wolves. The size of the pack varies based on the availability of food. Arctic wolves are territorial but their territories are often large and overlap with the territories of other individuals. They mark their territory with urine. Arctic wolf populations are present in Alaska, Greenland, and Canada. Their greatest population density is in Alaska, with smaller, sparser populations in Greenland and Canada. Arctic wolves are thought to have evolved from a lineage of other canids about 50 million years ago. Scientists believe that Arctic wolves were isolated in very cold habitats during the Ice Age. It was during this time that they developed the adaptations necessary to survive in the extreme cold of the Arctic. Classification Arctic wolves are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Carnivores Canids Arctic wolf References Burnie D, Wilson DE. 2001. Animal. London: Dorling Kindersley. 624 p.

foundation of nation essays

foundation of nation essays A formation of nation occurs when a state has a unified administrative reach over the territory over which its sovereignty is claimed. The development of a plurality of nations is basic to the centralization and administrative expansion of state domination internally. Therefore the nation-state, which exists in a complex of other nation-states, is a set of institutional forms of governance maintaining an administrative monopoly over an economic, political, social and cultural territory with demarcated borders, its rule being sanctioned by law and direct control of the means of internal and external violence exists when a state has a unified administrative reach over the territory over. Many states were formed at a point in time when people sharing a common history, culture, and language discovered a sense of identity. This was true in the cases of England and France, for example, which were the first nation-states to emerge in the modern period, and of Italy and Germany, which w ere established as nation-states in the 19th century. In contrast, however, other states, such as India, the Soviet Union, and Switzerland, came into existence without a common basis in race, culture, or language. It must also be emphasized that contemporary nation-states were creations of different historical periods and of varied circumstances. Before the close of the 19th century, the effective mobilization of governmental powers on a national basis had occurred only in Europe, the United States, and Japan. The truest symbol of its importance is the printing press. For one thing, this invention enormously increased the resources of government, which the fact that the printing press increased the size of the educated and literate classes. Renaissance civilization thus took a quantum jump, acquiring deeper foundations than any of its predecessors or contemporaries by calling into play the intelligence of more individuals than ever ...

Leonardo da Vincis Work Mona Lisa Personal Statement

Leonardo da Vincis Work Mona Lisa - Personal Statement Example To a large degree, the formal analysis revealed these characteristics of the work to me for the first time. Now upon examining reproductions, I recognize that in large part there is a distinction between the linearity in the woman’s hands, as well as in bodily elements. I also recognize the painterly elements in terms of the sfumato effect, specifically in an articulation of the woman’s mouth. One element I disagree with is the mystery surrounding the woman’s expression. While I recognize art critics popularly argued this feature of the painting, I believe that to a degree such perspectives are overblown and the work can be appreciated simply for its power and depth of creation.  Now upon examining reproductions, I recognize that in large part there is a distinction between the linearity in the woman’s hands, as well as in bodily elements. I also recognize the painterly elements in terms of the sfumato effect, specifically in the articulation of the woma n’s mouth. One element I disagree with is the mystery surrounding the woman’s expression. While I recognize art critics popularly argued this feature of the painting, I believe that to a degree such perspectives are overblown and the work can be appreciated simply for its power and depth of creation.              

Business project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business project - Coursework Example As competitors move to produce more efficient vehicles, by producing electric cars Toyota will be tapping into the profitable unexploited market. By diversifying the range of products it offers by introducing electric cars, will further increase its market base since it will be appealing to the different tastes and preferences of various consumers. Over the years, Toyota has penetrated the automobile market in various parts of the world. Its presence in different regions and countries provides it with an added advantage in the event it launches a new product. By manufacturing quality, dependable and reliable products, it has created faith among the users of these products. The reputation it has created of production of quality products is likely to spur the sales of the electric cars since it has an already established global presence. Toyota is an established brand and by producing electric cars, it shall be remaining relevant, flexible and dynamic so that it’s able to cope with the changing business demands and environment. There are two types of business environmental factors that are likely to affect the business. They may either be micro; internal factors or macro, those outside the business. One of the internal factors has been product quality features and safety. Between November 2009 and April 2010, the company recalled over 8 million different car and truck models that had been manufactured by Toyota company in U.S.A. the models were discovered as to having a defective brake and acceleration system. For this, it received a USD $16.37 million fine by the U.S government (Toyota Website). A major strength of the company is the ability to offer quality innovative products that suit the tastes of various consumers. This is reflected in the winning of the award of being the number one car manufacturer in the year 2007, a title it also retained in 2008 (Toyota

Love season Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love season - Assignment Example This has contributed to an increase in the demand for the service resulting to an increase in cost. 3. A good model works independent of the variables. In this situation, characteristic of people such as age, economic background and gender act as the basic variables. If more men than women are likely to buy beef jerky, then an appropriate model should constitute a nonlinear function that reduces to zero whenever the model is used for a female customer. To predict the demand for different products in the store using the demand model, the store owners should consider using weighted data instead of using raw data (McGuigan, Foyer, Haris, 2008). Either of the two methods will account for differences in preference for beef jerky between men and women. 4. When using a first order smoothing exponential to forecast the expected sale of the toy, the difference values on academic calendar will provide the best values. Although parents have some negative attitudes towards the new toy, the educational benefits of the toy surpass the proposed disadvantage of the toy. The educational seasons will, therefore, determine the likelihood of the parents to buy the toy. A resultant model should, therefore, assign a certain weight to different months. This is because the sales of the new toy will vary according to the educational needs of the children. The sale of the new toy is expected to reach its peak during school holidays and drop drastically during school days. These variations will determine the demand of the new toy. 5. From the NYT article, economic predictions might be insignificant to many people but their implications affect all people. According to the NYT article, unemployment level is expected to increase to 9.8% and this correlates with Livingstone survey. The NYT article predicts an increase in GDP while Livingstone survey predicts a fall in GDP. The two groups, however, express

Jill Thompsons Proposal To Decentralise The Rules Commerce Essay

Jill Thompsons Proposal To Decentralise The Rules Commerce Essay I surely believe that his activity of decentralization can effect on company significantly. His first step was amazing, to analyze what is wrong, what he has to do to solve the problems, why the company research output and manufacturing productivity had steadily declined. After he had found the problems he started decentralization. I think decentralization of rules is a first step for recovering Bosco Plastic. It is because the previous one was made wrong, unplanned and haphazardly. Moreover the rules and procedures of the company was the same for every employees and time table for them was too flexible. For example labor could come whenever they wanted between 8:00 and 10:00 and leave after 9 hours. It is uncommon for company which has 400 employees. Time table has to be strongly made individually or divided into groups. There are must be the time when labor has to arrive and the time when they leave. This touches also breaks. The time table of employees directly connected with prod uctivity. By the way the situation on developing area was also even worse . There were not excellent conditions for engineers and chemist. The punching machine was broken and even if there was opportunity to make something new it was too difficult to put on production. To sum up, to make decentralization better Jill can make a research and analyze the situation more carefully. It is very important to make rules with the help of supervisors, managers and employees. 1.1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and cultures Organizational structure is a common principles on which the organizations management structure is built and the process controlled. That means organizational structure illustrates schematic interaction between different labors. There is always a need for a people in the business to know who is in charge, what is their role and who turn to if there is any problem. All of these questions could be answered by organizational structure. It is important to know that different firms have structured differently. A structure of enterprise relies on the organizations strategy and objectives. Types of organizational structures:C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBob.jpg Line organizational structure (figure 1) is the simplest hierarchical management structure, also known as a bureaucratic. Line structure consists of chief and several subordinate employees, large companies can also have up to 3 to 4 or more levels of hierarchy. Fifure 1 Source (http://www.bscdesigner.com/setting-up-balanced-scorecard-concept-for-business-hierarchy.htm) Functional Structure is described in figure 2. As we see from the name the main idea of the structure is to divide company into several specialized group, ie each controller is specialized in the implementation of specific activities or departments. Each group has own responsibilities, duty and they are not connected directly. For example financial controller is not able to influence to customer service. However customer service manager can influence to planning manager because planning manager is one of the department of customer service.. C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOB790550803004.png This structure is best suited for firms which produce standardized goods or services at low cost and large volumes. Product Based Structure C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBdesign5.gif In this type of structure firms divided by products, projects or geography. This allows a company to have a particular focus on specific items in its business operations. Each group concentrated on own product or serve. This method is now gaining ground in large enterprises, which are expanding the range of products, where the other method would only complicate the structure of the organization. Source(http://www.revisionguru.co.uk/business/design.htm) The Divisional structure .This type of structure is more complicated rather than product based or functional. In the structure company is split up into several self contained business units which are called division, each of which operates as a profit center. Division may engage in production of specific types of products, work in a particular area or on a particular market.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBDivision.png Source(http://www.bscdesigner.com/setting-up-balanced-scorecard-concept-for-business-hierarchy.htm) Matrix structure is a most complicated organizational structure. Matrix one is combination of two different structures usually line and functional structure. In matrix structure, knowledge and skills of the talented employees could be shared between the functional departments and the project management teams, as needed. In this organization structure, usually employees have two managers to whom they may have to report. Which manager is more powerful-it depends on the type of matrix structure.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBOrganization Structure3.jpgSource(http://sameh.wordpress.com/2006/05/13/a7/) Organizational culture is a coordinate system that helps employees build their behavior both inside the company and outside of it. This is what unites them values, business philosophy, which includes the mission, vision, general purpose, beliefs and habits. It is an atmosphere which is formed within the group, the rules that a novice should learn to be accepted by the team, norms and traditions that occur over time in the team. Charles Handys organizational culture types. Power a culture that is dominated by the head of the organization has a strong influence over the people. These organizations have a simple structure, few rules and procedures but with well -understood, implicit codes on how to behave and work. They are authoritarian, tightly controlled workers. This type of culture can quickly respond to changing situations, make decisions quickly and organize their implementation. The big disadvantage of power culture is the size of the organization. Therefore, it can be effective only for relatively small firms. The success of the organization with the power culture is entirely determined by abilities and qualifications of head of organization Role in this case members activities are formalized and standardized in details. It is the culture of the bureaucratic type, based on official capacity, a clear system of rules and regulations, the distribution of rights, duties and responsibilities of the members of the organization, which ensures its effective existence for a long time. However, the effectiveness of the role culture firstly depends on the rational division of work and responsibility, and not on individual personalities. Task culture culture, which focuses on successful execution of tasks or projects. The effectiveness of the organization mostrly connected with a high professionalism of employees and cooperative group. Task culture tries to connect the appropriate resources and appropriate staff at the right level and to enable them to do the job well. This culture is characterized by: a high degree of autonomy, evaluation the job by results, informal working relationships within the group, mutual respect based on personal skills.C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBelle-smart-fig-2 (1).jpg Person a culture in which the central point is the individual. The culture exist primarily to serve and help their members. Power in such an organization is based on proximity to resources, professionalism and ability to negotiate. It is only a coordinating nature. Examples of person culture can be law firms, small consulting firms, unions, journalists and architects, etc. Source (http://www.ivoryresearch.com/elle-smart.php) 1.2 What kinds of rules and procedures do you think the department managers will come up with? Which departments will be more formalised? Why? Firstly I want to notice that Jill Thomson made an excellent decision to ask department managers to create new rules and procedures to their area. The first great changing I think will touch the entire procedures. Also the rules will be not the same in whole each department will have different rules. Except this time table for employees will be not flexible as it was. For example employees will not able to come wherever they want between 8:00 and 10 am. Managers have to create time table for each member or divide them for several groups as it shown in the table and breaks as well. # Group Day In Break out 1 A Mon,thue,sat 09:00 13:30-14:30 18:00 2 B Thur.Sun.Wen 11:00 14:30-15:30 20:00 3 Developing department Mon-friday 10:00 14:00 15:00 19:00 4 Mostly changes need in developing department as the company is an innovation company which is produces toys. The sale depends on new product the more new products the more the sale. So the profit directly connected with this department. Jill has to mansion it and pays attention to this department more. First of all the punching machine has to be changed. Also the going down to the local dime store must be returned. Moreover the implementation new toys should be simpler. Supervisors and Managers should give monthly statement about their stuff and work. 1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business. Organizational structure can be compared to a foundation of management system, which is built to ensure that all the processes taking place in company implemented in a time and accurately. Thats why there is the enormous attention from leaders of organizations, focusing on the principles and methods of building structures of the organization, the selection of types and species, the study of trends and assessment of relevant tasks of the organization it shows the urgency and importance of the topic in the current conditions. The structure of the organization includes all of the tools that is carried out: -Distribution of activities between the components of the Organization; -Coordination of the activities of these components. Indeed, without the structures employees would simply be unmanageable crowd, or, at best, a set of independent groups, not an organization. Structure one of the main characteristics of the organization regardless of whether it is a tennis club or charity, workers cooperative or a multinational corporation. The main characteristics of the organizational structure is divided into sections (departments, sectors, etc.), as well as accountability and subordination. But there are other features (for example, information systems and numerous procedures for coordination) , which cannot be shown in this scheme. Organizational culture is something for which people have become members of the organization, how are relations between them, what rules and principles of life they share, what they think is good and what is bad, and a lot more of what relates to the values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of and norms. This not only differentiates one organization from another, but also significantly determines the success of the operation and survival of the organization in the long term. As the culture plays a very important role in the life of the organization, it should be the subject of attention from management. Management is not only consistent organizational culture and is highly dependent on it, but may in turn have an impact on the formation and development of organizational culture. To do this, managers must be able to analyze the organizational culture and influence on its formation and the change in the desired direction. Organizational culture creates internal, spiritual core of the company, promotes team building, creates a sense of awareness among the staff and responsibility for their work. The organizational culture of the team improves and solves problems as personal development of staff and the development of the organization. It is a prerequisite for the formation of stable and efficient working team, a clear vision of the mission of the organization. 1.3 What risks will the company face if it establishes different procedures for different areas? Explain your reasons by analysing the merits and demerits of organic and mechanistic structures with regard to changes proposed by Jill Thompson. I think that the company will not face serious problems with it , because in my opinion Thompson does not want hugely changes , he tries to put the company on right way. First of all if we consider this situation by changing organization structure from organic to mechanistic one we have to know what are they. Mechanistic Organic Individual specialization: Employees work separately and specialize in one task Joint Specialization: Employees work together and   coordinate tasks Simple integrating mechanisms: Hierarchy of authority well-defined Complex integrating mechanisms: task forces and teams are primary integrating mechanisms Centralization: Decision-making kept as high as possible. Most communication is vertical. Decentralization: Authority to control tasks is delegated. Most communication lateral Standardization: Extensive use made of rules Standard Operating Procedures Mutual Adjustment: Face-to-face contact for coordination. Work process tends to be unpredictable Much written communication Much verbal communication Informal status in org based on size of   empire Informal status based on perceived   brilliance Organization is a network of positions,   corresponding to tasks. Typically each   person corresponds to one task Organization is network of persons or teams. People work in different capacities simultaneously and over time Source (http://www.analytictech.com/mb021/organic_vs_mechanistic_structure.htm) The previous structure was mechanic structure. This structure characterized by using formal rules and procedures. In this case all employees of the company must act strictly according to the instructions and do not deviate from them. So in Bosco Plastic all employees had the same rules and procedures. However organic one is not formal, rules can be changed, better adapted to rapid changes in external conditions and the emergence of new technologies. Also employees are treated as certain patterns of behavior, so the emphasis is on motivation, various very complex systems of remuneration and bonuses, benefits package and so on. If youre a good worker and executes corporate or production levels, will give you a bonus to the salary, health insurance, pensions, canteen, cellular pool with a gym. Mostly Bosco looked like a mechanic one in my opinion. The company did not pay attention to employees. The big problem will touch I think supervisors and managers because they will have more duties and responsibilities. For example they have to find different approaches to each employee. Employees will face problems as well. They have to change their habits which they used. Sometimes there are will be misunderstanding but the changings need to this company. 1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work. According to Michael Mattson and John Ivancevich, the most factors that impact on individual differences in behavioral  patterns  are abilities and skills, perception, demographic factors, attitudes and  personality. Personality usually refers to uniqueness of each person and personal features that make him or her differ from other people. In fact, personality is based on predictability how a person will act or react under different circumstances .Thus, personality affects other people in an organization through interaction. Sometimes mix of different characters can lead to conflict between two or more people which afterwards may decrease effectiveness of team. That is why, leaders of groups should provide teammates with quizzes that can identify their personality. After that people with the same personal features will be work in one group in order to avoid misunderstanding. Perception is the cognitive process by which a person interprets the environment. It is a process of awareness of what is happening around us, through selection of interpretation of information from the external environment. It is a way of forming ideas about themselves and the world. Perception is a filter which helps to analyze information before it will have an impact on people. Everyone is an artist that paints a picture in their minds of the world, which reflected his personal vision of reality. Because of individual differences in preferences, personal qualities, values and interests people often see the same things differently. Managers should take into account the differences in perception. Attitudes and values are main factors that influence individual behavior. Actually, personal attitudes are an integral part within the organization that can influence on positive and negative behavior. Brooks (2003) states that, attitudes based on direct experiences can be very strong and very hard to break. First of all, an attitude includes some emotional elements such as mood, beliefs, opinions and other aspects. In addition there are four types of attitudes such as: organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment (Brooks, 2003). Many people prove that attitudes are not entrenched in our character as deeply as values. For instance, values give us a sense to understand what is good and bad or right and wrong (Brooks, 2003). Besides this, values in organization can create and develop specific corporate culture. Consequently, certain established values will differentiate organizations from their competitors. According to Rock each and Ball-Rockeach (1989) values can be terminal and instrumental. Basically, terminal values are based on peace, security, partnership and other elements. Whereas, instrumental values expressed in a form of behaviour in order to achieve these terminal values. On the other hand, attitudes and values can lead to conflict between individuals and groups. Thus, it will be difficult to establish a certain culture within the organization. Abilities and Skills: Ability is a physical capacity of an individual to do something. Skill can be termed as the ability to act in a way that accepts a person to perform well. Ability and Skills have great impact on the  individual behavior  and performance. An employee can perform well in the company if his skills and abilities are matched with the  job  requirement. The managers are of great relevance in matching the skills and abilities of the employees with the specific  job  requirement. How would you describe the organization culture at Greenscape? Under the different types of culture, what type of culture, do you think, operating in Greenscape? Justify your views with evidence. The Greenscape had grown from a one-person firm into large company with twenty full-time employees working in six to eight crews. The founder of Greenspace , Lita Ong kept organization culture open and friendly. She was aware of employees problems and tried help them. For instance, she got up every morning at five-thirty in order to arrange schedules so that Johnson could get his son out of daycare. By paying attention to needs and problems of employees, she was able to become friends of employees rather than their boss. This helped her to keep its employees loyal to company. When Greenscape went in trouble because of not opened mall, employees did not left organization and they were ready to work without payment. The organization culture in the Greenscape can be described as task culture. It focuses on successful execution of tasks or projects and effectiveness of the organization mostly connected with a high professionalism of employees and cooperative group. This type of organization culture involves high degree of autonomy and informal working relationships within the group which was present in Greenscape. The employees of it were able to concentrate on task fulfillment because their boss was helpful for them. As it was stated in the case study, Lita Ong knew how to deal with her employee Emily when she was depressed because of her boyfriends behavior. This support from Greenscape founder, helped to retain employees in companys hardship. How large can such a company get before it needs to change its culture and structure? And why it is important to change culture and structure? Discuss briefly the benefits and difficulties that Greenscape have to cope with changing its culture and structure as the company gears for its growth. It can be challenging to change the culture of an existing organization than to create a culture in a brand new organization. If organizational culture is already established, people must unlearn the old values and behaviors before they can learn the new ones. The small companies usually have to adopt their culture when they grow bigger. In addition, organization should properly develop future structure of it because one manager cannot handle too many employees. It is essential to employ certain organizational structure such as matrix or divisional. In case of Greenscape, Lita Ong concentrated mostly on short term problems like employee absenteeism or their problems. Lita Ong had to get up early to make schedules which could be delegated to other employee. Lita Ong should more consider businesss long term goals and employ other staff which will deal daily issues. The founder of Greenscape created friendly atmosphere within organization which helped keep employees loyal. This was beneficial to organization because personnel of Greenscape were ready to work month without payment. On the other hand, Lita Ong had difficulties in managing business and employees in the same time. To avoid this kind of difficulties, Lita Ong should more concentrate business development and delegate managing employees to other person. 2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations. In our society, every group of people led and influenced by leaders. In every organization, there are leaders who help meet organizations goals. According to Greenberg and Baron (2003), leadership is process when one person influences other members of group toward achievement of specific group or organizational goal. . Besides, leadership has a lot of theories that describes style of management. One of them is behavioral theory. Actually, this concept is focused on what leaders do and how they act in a certain situation. According to Mullins (2005), good leadership includes effective combination of empowerment and delegation. It means that good leader have to able to control and delegate tasks effectively. Study of leadership styles helps to managers of organization avoids many issues like job strikes. There are four leadership styles: Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faire and Paternalistic. Autocratic leaders do not advice with other their decisions and them but their decision made quickly (mindtools, 2010).C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBleadership(5).jpg Source(http://www.leadershippost.com/) In Autocratic style leaders try to take part in every activity which are happening in the company and try to control everything. All important decision made by them as well. The leader decides how the work has to be done and by whom. The style is most effective in situations where the company, or followers, seem to be drifting aimlessly. According to Dogra (2011) Authoritarian leadership style examples can be found in the real world in people like Bill Gates and John F Kennedy. Bill Gates followed the authoritarian style and steered Microsoft towards unbelievable success. According to Bill Gates, he had a vision when he took reins of the company and then used all the resources available to make that vision a reality. His success can be judged from the way personal computers industry has advanced in America todayC:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBleadership-styles.jpg Paternalistic style is similar to autocratic but here leaders can be consulted by some of their employees before making decision. A famous example of a participative leader is an American  business magnate, television personality and author Donald Trump who manages The Trump Organization. According to : Donald Trump is known for his eccentricity and unconventional businesses practices. He exhibits an unconventional leadership style, which is characterized by many characteristics. One of those is the need for power. This is exhibited by every piece of real estate Mr. Trump owns. Every casino, building or golf course has his name on it. He is eccentric, powerful, but yet he makes very smart business decisions. He is also a risk taker but He always consult with his staf before making decisions   Democratic style is characterized by the distribution of powers, initiative and responsibility between the manager and deputy, leader and subordinates. Leaders make decision with consulting their staff. According to Dogra(2011): Example is a manager has newly joined a firm. He is still learning how various things function in the organization. In such a situation, he relies on the suggestions and opinions of his team members and lets them do the things the way they are used to, till the time he is able to gain sufficient knowledge and can suggest some more feasible changes. Laissez-faire style is characterized by a lack of active participation in the management of a team leader. Such a leader, drifting, waiting for instructions from above or requires or is taken under the collective. Prefer not to take risks, low profile shirk the urgent resolution of conflicts, trying to reduce their personal risk. Work ride, rarely controls it. This leadership style is preferred in creative teams, where employees are different independent and creative individual. C:Usersà Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ °Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã‚ ·DesktopOBleadstyle.jpg Source(http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html) 2.2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management. Organization theory is the study that analyzes the principles, laws and rules of the organization, its evolution, the mechanisms, the interaction of its parts, impacts of external and internal factors to achieve new goals. Scientific management Scientific management or Taylorism is a theory of management that analyzes and synthesizes workflows, improving labour productivity. The core ideas of the theory were developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s, and were first published in his monographs, Shop Management (1905) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911). Frederick Taylor believed that decisions based upon tradition and rules of thumb should be replaced by precise procedures developed after careful study of an individual at work. Its application is contingent on a high level of managerial control over employee work practices. In scientific management the practical implementation of specific activities preceded by a thorough scientific analysis of work processes and conditions for their implementation, as do practical measures based on the achievements of modern science and best practices. An essential part of the scientific management is division of labor. For proper operation of the company or organization, you must first assign employees to specific jobs and assign each a concrete job functions. This is achieved by selecting the best division of labor and division of the entire scope of work into separate parts, each of which performs a specific employee. According to vectorstudy.com (ND): The four objectives of management under scientific management were as follows: 1. The development of a science for each element of a mans work to replace the old rule-of-thumb methods. 2. The scientific selection, training and development of workers instead of allowing them to choose their own tasks and train themselves as best they could. 3. The development of a spirit of hearty cooperation between workers and management to ensure that work would be carried out in accordance with scientifically devised procedures. 4. The division of work between workers and the management in almost equal shares, each group taking over the work for which it is best fitted instead of the former condition in which responsibility largely rested with the workers. Self-evident in this philosophy are organizations arranged in a hierarchy, systems of abstract rules and impersonal relationships between staff. According to psylist.net (ND): Taylor was one of the first who began to use psychological tests in employment and used observation, interviews and questionnaires as well. He first raised the question about the connection process with the activities and the psyche of people. Bureaucracy Bureaucratic management can be described as a formal system of organization based on clearly defined vertical hierarchical levels and roles in order to maintain efficiency and effectiveness. German sociologist Max Weber was the first who demonstrated the advantages of the bureaucracy as a management system. According to Weber, bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organization. The organization has a well-defined line of authority. It has clear rules and regulations which are strictly followed. Characteristics Of Bureaucratic Organizations Management by rules Management by rules and regulations provides a set of standard operating procedures that facilitate consistency in both organizational and management practices .The activity of each member of the organization subject to regulations aimed at streamlining the process of management. Ideally, these rules should make the predictability of each employee and the organization. Although the rules can be modified, but, in general, they should be stable over time. Division of labor Every employee has certain responsibilities and scope of work, which cannot duplicate the scope of the powers of other members. Formal hierarchical structure Bureaucratic structure of the organization can be compared to a pyramid: the majority is in its base, and a minority at the top. Each person included in this vertical hierarchy, led by lower people and, in turn, is subject to a higher. As a result it helps to monitor the activities of each member organization. Written documents All actions, rules and decisions taken by the organization are formulated and recorded in writing. Written documents ensure that there is continuity of the organizations policies and procedures. 2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations. Approach to the management includes goals, laws, principles, methods and functions, management technology and practice management. Types: human relations approach; systems approach; contingency approach The Human Relations Approach emphasizes the importance of human needs in the workplace, and the consideration of management practice and job d

Disorder of Society in Twelfth Night

Your lord does know my mind; I cannot love him; Yet I suppose him virtuous, know him noble, of great estate, of fresh and stainless youth; in voices well divulged, free, learned, and valiant; and in dimension and the shape of nature a gracious person; but yet I cannot love him (Greenbelts, 1. 5. 234-239). † Olivia defies the classic role of women- marriage. A marriage to the count would be most prosperous to her, as she will have the higher status and respect of being a married woman. He is a man most women would love to belong to, and yet, she continually refuses his attempts to win her over.She is a literary foil, In many respects, for the queen, who also refused claims of love and adoration. Olav did not want to be ruled. After the death of her male relations, she found a new sort of freedom In the realization that she could make It on her own. Her social rank allowed her the chance to remain single and maintain a high standard of living. However, her position was not one th at all women could claim for themselves. Single women of the time were the ones who were â€Å"singled† out as witches, and held as suspicious in the event of strange occurrences.Acts of desperation ensue in the maintenance of independence in a world dominated by men. In an attempt to gain the love of Cesarean, who is in reality Viola, Olivia says to him, â€Å"By maidenhood, honor, truth, and everything, I love thee so, that, meager all thy pride, not wit nor reason can my passion hide (3. 1 . 147-149). † She has overstepped the boundaries of being a demure, quietly submissive woman, as she charges forward In her passions. She has thrown all caution to the wind as she sets out to woo the â€Å"man† herself.The role of wooing, traditionally a man's Job, was upset by the forcefulness of this woman. In mom ways she could be considered an early feminist, as she strove to maintain her independence and identity apart from male dominance. She no longer cares what anyo ne may think of her rash display of passions, as she fulfills the typically male stereotypes. Olivia wanted Cesarean because he was, as Viola had put it, her â€Å"servant. † Cesarean was not above her in any way. Olivia saw he was different, as he didn't pine after her for her beauty, as others did.He was young and entertaining to her way of life, and desire for freedom. Fear can cause one to question his personal decisions. When faced with the supposed wrath of Sir Andrew, and his sword, Viola said, â€Å"l shall be much bound to you fort; I am one that had rather go with sir priest than sir knight; I care not who knows so much of my mettle (3. 4. 247-249). † Viola upended her role as a man by giving up the idea of valor and courage. She showed weakness In her society, where men are praised for courage and strength, all marks of manliness.In her desire for peace rather than turmoil and triumph, she adheres to her being one or the other, but wavers in her ways. She do es not feel a need to prove herself in any way that would needlessly place her in the face of danger. In taking on the role of a man, she has failed in respect of living up to the stereotypical male standard of courage. She would rather have revealed herself for who she really was in order to retain her life. And yet, she was not completely devoid of courage, as she was willing to face the uncertainties that could be in the event that she confessed.Cross-dressing in Elizabethan society was taboo. King Henry VIII had established a law that people were to dress within their rank, as in his mind it was the clothes that made the man, which, in Viola's case, the clothes did make the â€Å"man. The act of a woman dressing as a man caused people to question her character. She was often considered to be a prostitute, and when discovered, the sin was punishable with whipping, before she would be locked away in a hospital where she would be forced into hard labor. Even with this thought in m ind, Viola's desire to undergo the change and take on a manly fade won out. O that I served that lady, and might not be delivered to the world till I had made mine own occasion mellow, what my estate is (1. 2. 40-43)! † With her male relations presumably dead, she, as a lower ranking Oman than the Lady Olivia, knew that women had no place in society, and no ability to inherit anything. She was, by law, left destitute. She admired Olive's ability to remain single, even in accepting the ridicule of an intolerant society. Viola represents in many ways, the women followers who worshipped the queen's ability and desire to withstand the pressures of society.Accepted societal norms can lead to intolerance toward new ideas. â€Å"O, she that hath a heart of that fine frame to pay this debt of love but to a brother, how will she love, when the rich golden shaft hath killed the flock of al affections else that live in her; when liver, brain, and heart, these sovereign thrones, are all supplied, and filled her sweet perfections, with one self king (1. 1. 33-39)! † Olivia is considered noble to give up a supposed desire to marry out of love for her deceased brother. These thoughts toward her devotion are in stark contrast to the thoughts toward Elizabeth l.Because Elizabethan passion was to lead her country to peace and maintain the power, she was considered grotesque, as any woman who wielded power would have been. Had Olivia expressed an inclination award power rather than grief, she would likely have been received in a similar manner. Yet because she attributed her desire for singleness to the womanly traits of devotion and love, and in the same manner, grief, she was considered the epitome of womanly graces. Her true desire was, however, to maintain a sense of self beyond the dependence on a lording male figure.Shakespeare seems to be praising Elizabethan desire for chastity in the same way that the count praises Olive's love, as everything she felt was b rought under the power of a single passion. Extremist attitudes attempt to permeate the high social ranks in order to gain ground. Maillot portrays the classic image of a Puritan. As Olive's servant, he dreams of greatness, and wants nothing else than to marry his mistress. The notion is in itself absurd, as there are societal norms that would prevent such an unfortunate marriage.Although social mobility was beginning to take place, there was still a division among the classes. It would have been quite out of place for a woman of Olive's status to marry one so far beneath her. Yet, imagining how it would be between him and her uncle, Sir Toby thus, quenching my familiar smile with an austere regard of control You must amend your drunkenness (2. 5. 9-60, 66). † The puritan church was considered quite prudish by many. Its legalism and disregard for all things not solemn caused such things as the closing of the theaters in London in 1596.Maillot's desire to gain the admiration of Olivia correlates to the desire by the Puritan leaders to gain the admiration of the nobility. In this way they hoped to gain control and wield their influence over society, including the aristocracy. For if it was on an equal level within the hierarchy, it could not be so easily disregarded as the Catholic Church had been at times, such as when Henry VIII proclaimed himself head of the church. The upset in the social hierarchy led to Million being deemed insane for thinking that he could reach these ends.The supposed order of hierarchy can be upset through logic. Mourning the death of her brother, Olivia finds herself in a mental headlock with Fest the Fool. â€Å"Take the fool away†¦ Do not hear, fellows? Take away the lady (1 Fest has challenged the respected status of the aristocracy, by turning the tables and claiming Olivia is the fool. In this way he has placed himself above her, taking on the role of wisdom that was reserved for the educated church and nobility. He ha s essentially placed her at the bottom of the hierarchy, as a commoner unable to reason for herself.This upheaval to the order of societal norms takes place in a caravansaries pageant. Caravansaries behavior usually ensued before an ordained church holiday from a desire to break out of the cloister of decency expected in daily living and therefore breach the social barriers. Mockery of religion and the nobility took place through costume, lewdness, and focus on the negative aspects of human behavior. Such behavior was protected under the realm of carnival, Just as the fool's behavior, at times disrespectful, was deemed appropriate under the safety of his title.This attack on Olive's wisdom proves to be truer than when it was first made, as she meets and falls for a woman, thinking her to be a man, and thus completing the idea that she is a fool. Titles are futile unless they are backed by the support of an equal mind. Not understanding the meaning of Sir Taboo's words, Sir Andrew ig norantly says, â€Å"Nay, by my troth, I know not; but I know, to be up late is to be up late (3. 2. 4-5). † Andrew is an unlikely knight. He acquired the title, and yet, he does not live p to it in the traditional sense of knighthood, nor does he abide by any codes.He himself said that he dislikes policy (3. 2. 27). A knight, as part of the aristocracy, was groomed and educated to high standards, expected to fulfill his destiny in the circles of nobility. Andrew bears no marks of fine-breeding, groveling in the shadow of Sir Toby Belch, a poor specimen to hold as nobility. The notion of entropy plays into this tale of a society dominated by age old ideals, yet attacked by passions, brains, and whims. The idea claims that a closed system left to itself will become more chaotic as time passes.Interestingly enough, Shakespearean setting of Lariat is, in itself, a closed system, cut off from reality by the sea, and further isolated from life by the fact that it was a fictitious place. Viola's deception was but a single act, caused by the disorder and unbalance of the sea, and in effect, the unfairness of life. It leads to more confusion as the story unfolds, until a body finally steps in and puts a stop to it. The chaos and disorder of accepted norms and modes of life creates a dysfunctional world where nothing is as it seems. Things thought to be good in lose their value and Belch for example.By doing this Shakespeare was making a statement that the high- born are, in reality, not so different from anyone else. They have the same tendencies, minds, and underneath the titles and finery, is essentially, the same man. Order is but a fade for Shakespeare, who had seen it upturned in a second through the Reformation, disease, wars, hunger, and difficulties of life. He had seen both parts of life, the low classes, and also experienced the life of a gentleman. He could relate to various aspects of life, which was in itself an effect of disorder, as the Elizabeth an ideal was to maintain a static class structure and avoid social mobility.

Mercedes benz marketing plan Essay

Mercedes Benz is one of the most recognizable names in the world. If you mention car, luxury, dependable, performance and â€Å"The Best or Nothing†, the first name it comes on your mind is Mercedes Benz. History of Mercedes Benz is the greatest out there, but I am going to focus on the Mercedes Benz USA, also known as MBUSA. MBUSA is a division responsible for distribution and marketing of Mercedes Benz products in the U. S. The headquarters of MBUSA are in Montvale, New Jersey. There are two dealership locations of MBUSA in northeast Ohio, one in Willoughby and the other one in Bedford. Also included in their division are Maybach, Smart and Sprinter. Although founded in 1965, MBUSA started importing Mercedes Benz in 1952, and the iconic car that started it all was 300SL Gullwing. It was founded under Max Hoffman; the current CEO of MBUSA is Steve Cannon. Other key personnel at MBUSA are Harald Henn CFO and VP, Inigo Mazquiaran GM of Corporate Finance and Joachim Schmidt Executive Vice President of Sales & Marketing for Mercedes-Benz. Over the following years, MBUSA grew into a nationwide organization, now employing over 1500 people. The company also has 356 associated dealerships that employ 21,500 people themselves. MBUSA operates in the Car Dealership industry, in the distribution and marketing division of car sales industry to be more specific. With 305,072 passenger vehicles sold in the U. S. in 2012. SWOT Analysis Strengths: 1. Mercedes Benz has a strong brand value and global leader in premium cars 2. Leader in innovation i. e. 1st to introduce diesel engines, fuel injection and anti-locking brakes Weaknesses: 1. High maintenance cost of Mercedes Benz car 2. High prices compared to competition Opportunities: 1. Developing hybrid cars and fuel efficient cars for the future 2. Fast growing luxury automobile market & increased income Threats: 1. Ever increasing fuel prices 2. Intense competition from global automobile brands The Competition: 1. BMW 1. Porsche 2. Audi 3. Volkswagen 4. Jaguar 5. Ferrari 6. Aston Martin 7. Volvo The Industry they compete in is Oligopoly. Their competitive goal is to be global top-of-the-mind premium automobile brand. By putting their slogan as â€Å"the best or nothing†, they are tending to put inside the people’s mind that there is not another competition for them. The main opportunity for MBUSA is that the economy should grow. And the economy is growing because they sold 15% more cars so far than last year. Their best strength is that they always have been innovators, and the leaders in this industry. The technology on these cars is highest ever possible. And they keep amazing people for what they offer; the good example is the all-new 2014 S-Class Mercedes Benz. All competitive advantages, or disadvantages, that Mercedes Benz as a car offers is reflected at their MBUSA sales division. The product they sell in my opinion is superior of what their competition offers.

Womens Studies Sex in Society essays

Womens Studies Sex in Society essays Sex plays a major role in today's society. From television advertisements and violence within society, all forms of media use sex to help sell their products. With the public being exposed to so many different types, the overuse and exploitation of sex is common. Is sex a useful tool, or a ploy to get the attention of the public? In some instances, it even encourages violence. The world we live in today is still man-made, no less now then in the nineteenth century. As Englishmen began to develop an identity in 19th century society, they mirrored the "ideals" for women of the Victorian period: gentility, weakness, ignorance and submissiveness. Opposing Viewpoints as the relationship of a man or woman to Society on the basis of gender became essential in shaping male and female attitudes towards one another. Over the past twenty years remarkable changes in these traditional male and female roles have been witnessed. The subsequent impact on men, women, and families due to these changes is believed to be, by many social historians, caused by the re-emergence of the women's movement. Recent research has established beyond a doubt that males and females are born with a different set of "instructions" built into their genetic code. Studies at Harvard University and elsewhere show that marked differences between male and female baby behavior are already obvious in the first months of life. Females are more oriented towards people. Male infants, on the other hand, are more interested in "things." Stanford psychologists conclude that women are "communicative" animals while men are "manipulative" animals. Some people believe this is hereditary, while others think that if boys and girls were brought up in exactly the same way then all behavioral differences between men and women would evaporate. Beginning in early adolescence, children develop their own ideas of male and femal ...

Year Round Schooling

Year Round Schooling Free Online Research Papers The end of summer vacations is what most people think of when year round education is brought up. But is that all that it is about? Is year round schooling a better environment for students? Are those students smarter than students in traditional learning environments? Is it more cost effective? For everyone involved in the education system from parents and students to educators and administration, the issue of year-round schooling brings a passionate response from people both for and against it. So just what is a year round education exactly? A typical American school operates on a ten month system. This system was originally established during a time that children were often needed to work in the fields during the summer. Since then times have changed. Many people desire to disregard this system entirely and move to a year round education. Its important to understand that most students in year-round schools attend school the same number of days, usually 180 days, as students in traditional nine-month schools. So for most students there is no advantage of additional time in the classroom. Year round schools spread their 180 days out differently with small breaks between each term. The most popular example of year round education is the 45-15 plan. This has students attending school 45 days and then getting three weeks (15 days) off. The normal breaks, holiday and spring, are still built into this calendar. There are several popular arguments used by those who are for year round education. Some believe that students forget a lot of what they have learned during the summer and that shorter vacations might increase retention rates. There are also some people who suggest that schools that are not being used in the summer are inefficient. There is also the argument that other countries around the world use this system. However, the major benefit of year round schooling appears to that it facilitates continuous learning as the students are not out of school for a long period of time. As a result, the students tend to forget less over the shorter breaks, and teachers spend less time reviewing material. Just as there are several popular arguments for year round education there are several popular arguments against year round schooling as well. There seems to be a major inconvenience to families with children who are in need of child care during the multiple breaks in schooling. It is also more complicated for families to plan vacations. Some people argue that students are going to forget information whether they are out of school for three weeks or ten. It also is a concern to many that student summer employment will be virtually impossible as will summer camps and vacation bible schools among the other typical summer activities of children. The major reason stated by the majority of those who oppose year round education is that their children are in need of a longer break because they are so busy during the typical school year with sports and other extracurricular activities. Summer vacations give children a chance to simply be children. The studies comparing the year round to the traditional schedule are problematic because they are inconclusive. For one thing, it is difficult to isolate the year round calendar as the reason for any positive or negative results. The fact is that the biggest gains were made in schools that were truly trying to improve the overall quality of education. Implementing the year round schedule was just one of their efforts to achieve this end. If students, teachers, and parents are not supportive of the new schedule, it is bound to fail. If they are making their decisions based solely on funding they are quite possibly setting the system up for failure. Schools that are investigating year round education need to decide what they are trying to accomplish and whether a new calendar will move them further towards their goals. Ultimately, it appears that there is simply not one better way of schooling than another, but two separate forms of schooling which provide a proper education to its students. For both types of schooling the children and the quality of their education is priority. References Cribbs, Jonathan (18 October). Parents support year-round schedule: Group makes itself heard at school board meeting. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News,1. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Dateline database. (Document ID: 1161237171). Coulter, Phyllis (3 September). Year-Round Schooling On The Rise. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News,1. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Dateline database. (Document ID: 1120936861). Frost, Peter (23 February). Parents oppose calendar change. Knight Ridder Tribune Business News,1. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from ABI/INFORM Dateline database. (Document ID: 1221801481). Lyons, Linda (2002). Can we learn from year-round schooling? The Gallup Poll Tuesday Briefing,56. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 283846531). Should school be year-round? (2003, September). Junior Scholastic, 106(1), 5. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from Research Library database. (Document ID: 410098721). Research Papers on Year Round SchoolingCo-Educational vs. Single Sex SchoolsStandardized TestingDistance Learning Survival GuideThe Mechanics of Grading Grading SystemsThe Broken FamilyProbation OfficersBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettEmmett Till BiographyMy Writing ExperienceExempt vs Non-Exempt Employees

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT - Assignment Example The activists are people who are open minded and are passionate towards their work as they gain their learning from the practical understanding. On the contrary, the attitude to take risk of the activists might not be suitable for the establishment in few scenarios (Huang and Busby 92-100). Theorists are the people who acquire their knowledge and learning with the assistance of the relevant theories. The people following the theorists’ perspective get their assistance from the varied theoretical underpinning when they are trained systematically. Thus, it can be stated that the training and development must be associated with the theoretical approach to get a better understanding. However, the key issue faced by the theorists is that they might be hesitant towards gaining the practical knowledge as learning (Huang and Busby 92-100). Pragmatists are the people who seek their learning from the theoretical as well as the practical activities in order to develop their skills. It is observed that these people are innovative and use their theoretical knowledge and understanding when conducting practical tasks. These people are more efficient and hence the companies provide learning opportunities to them at large. However, these people require continuous training and development for better understanding (Huang and Busby 92-100). Reflectors are the people who acquire their leanings by observing various activities of themselves along with others. Employees favouring this learning style will be more considerate and cautious while obtaining proper learning of skills and abilities. Correspondingly, businesses might face issues while offering training to these individuals as they are seemed to be a bit time-taking in their learning approach. However, their considerate nature will ensure that they improve themselves in a comprehensive manner overall. These groups of people are supposed to be less participative in comparison

Bill of Material Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Bill of Material - Essay Example The prime activities of procurement department include hiring of the best services along with the material in accordance with the requirements of the organization. The decisions so made must be equally balanced between a quality product and service consideration and the budget limits and its implications on the rest of the project and organization. The kind of expertise and services availed by procurement department are subjective in nature and vary between industries and types of organizations. Bill of Material (B.O.M): The bill of material involves all the costs incurred in acquiring the services and equipment .Making use of the bill of material by the procurement department involves direct hiring and purchasing from the market. This discipline needs the presence of able personnel who can make the right choices without compromising on neither the quality nor the budget. In this case the procurement department services are needed for establishment of a manufacturing industry that la rgely relies on I.T infrastructure for conducting its daily activities and communications. Therefore the demand list consists of the electronic products that are mainly the daily use products and equipment in the industry. The total number of employees in the organization are 200 which includes the top management, the middle management and the work force group. Since focus is on establishing an automated and computerized environment, large percentage of employees will be provided with a computer facility. The margin for this purpose is estimated at 150 items of personal computers. The computers so provided will be state of the art equipped and will meet the employees’ requirements in fulfilling the tasks. The general specifications of a single desktop computer that are being purchased are as follows: Processor name: i7-2600 Price= $274.99 Number of cores: 4 Number of threads: 8 Clock Speed: 3.4 GHz Instruction Set: 64 bit Board Specs: Chip set: GIGABYTE GA-H61M-DS2 LGA 1155 I ntel H61 Micro ATX Intel Motherboard Form Factor: Intel H61= $54.99Â   Memory: 4GB Type: DDR3 = Samsung MV-3T4G4Â  = $29.00 Tested Speed: 1333 MHz Hard Disk: Capacity: 500 GB Seagate Barracuda 7200Â  = $78.38 Interface: SATA 6GB/s Spin Speed: 7200 RPM LAN Card: Intel PWLA8391GT PRO/1000 GT PCI Network Adapter = $33.25 Integrated LAN: Gigabit Optical Drive: NEW HP 24X DVDRW SATAÂ  =$50.89 Audio: Audio Code: Real Tec GO groove Bass PULSE 2MX High-Fidelity USB Powered 2.0 = $25.19 Video: EVGA 02G-P3-1469-KR GeForce GTX 560 Graphics Card - 850 MHz Core - 2 GB GDDR5 SDRAM - PCI Express 2.0 x16 = $267.78 Chassis: Case type: ATX GAMMA Classic Series ATX Mid Tower Interior Steel Chassis = $39.99 Motherboard Type: ATX/Micro Expansion Slots: 7 Power Supply: Cooler Master GX Series 650W ATX 12V V2.31 80 PLUS SLI Ready Power Supply RS650-ACAAE3-US = $79.99Â   Output Capacity: 450 Watts Fan: 120 MM Model: GX-450w Pre Installed Softwares: Microsoft Windows 7 (Professional) (registered) = $24 9.99 Anti Virus Software: Norton Anti Virus 2012(registered)= $33.20 Adobe Flash player: version 11 Microsoft Office 2010 (registered) = $219.99 Display: Dell E-series 18.5 inch flat panel monitor with LED= $139.00 Specs: 1366 x 768 pixels Resolution 1000:1 (typical) contrast ratio Response Time of up to 5 ms Printer: Epson Work Force 645 Wireless All-in-One Color Inkjet Printer, Copier, Scanner, Fax (C11CB86201)= $114.88 Keyboard: Model Logitech Keyboard K120= $14.30Â   Mouse: Model: A4 TECH N-551FX= $29.99 Scanner: HP Scan jet G2710 Photo Scanner= $145.16 U.S.B Flash Drives: (20 items) Kingston: 16 GB= $11.98 Projector: View Sonic : PJD5123 SVGA DLP Projector 120Hz/3D Ready, 2700 Lumens, 3000:1 DCR= $328.89Â   Web cam: LOGITECH WEBCAM C-160= $12.49 Routers: Linksys Wireless-N Business Notebook Adapter