Its Time to End Pet Misery Year 11 Draft Essay Example for Free

Its Time to End Pet Misery Year 11 brief EssayIn the opinion piece Lets End Pet Misery, featured in the Herald Sun on the twenty-first of July 2009, generator Susie OBrien responds to the issue of wildcat cruelty in capital of Seychelles. In an outraged tone, the writer pleads with pet lovers and everyone else alike to support a new touchstone that aims to make animal desexing compulsory, reducing the rates of undesired offspring and acts of animal cruelty committed against these animals. The writer begins her argument with the use of alliteration paired with a cliche. A single stroke of the pen can save pets from a short life of misery. The alliteration of the two words single and stroke draws much focus to the cliche a single stroke of a pen. This emphasises how easily the problem could be enlightend, angering the reader overdue to the little that has been done to solve the problem. This technique also works to instil guilt within the reader, make it more likely for them to take action in assisting the cause, thereby supporting the writers contention to support the compulsory desexing of pets. whiz technique the writer uses is a frightening statistic that has been juxtaposed in a larger text. In Victoria alone, 300 dogs are put down every day.Thats more than 100,000 a year. This unbelievably shocking statistic is a perfect technique to support the writers contention. It is able to appeal to the fear and concern of pet lovers and all other citizens alike. This statistic works very well to draw the readers attention, due to its intelligent position just below the heading, and works to recruit more people to the cause, as most would be unable to stop reading subsequently being confronted with such a statistic. Additionally, it would inspire more people to support the writers contention and take action to stop all this death.One of the writers strongest persuasive technique is the use of a widely known anecdote paired with strong, emotive langu age. In a devastating attack, somebody hacked off his ears and tail and then left him to die in pain. Through the use of the well-known story about Buckley, an eight week old squeamish puppy, the writers argument is strengthened in the eyes of many readers, as a majority of them would have heard of the story, and resented the horrific act of animal cruelty. Her argument is again reinforced by several instances of colourful language.Phrases like hacked off and die in pain dont exaggerate the spitefulness of the crime, but instead work to give the reader a clearer image of the vile act. This then makes the reader feel more strongly about the issue, making it more likely they do something about it. The strong use of visual media paired with the article is successful in giving the story an even greater effect working as the figurative icing on the argument. The largest image that revealing the extent of Buckleys shocking injuries, is a perfect accompaniment to the text, giving the reader a true idea of the result of his terrible wounds.Additionally, the images of pets behind bars, with their innocent eyes, and somewhat fearful expression makes the reader compare them to prisoners whom have been wrong accused forced to live a life of confinement for anothers crimes. These elements make readers wish to take action ending the injustice, and is effective in supporting the writers contention. The opinion piece, Lets End Pet Misery, is effective in persuading readers to support the authors pledge to fetch a law making the desexing of pets compulsory.Whilst using a highly angered tone, the writer uses alliteration in conjunction with a cliche to give readers a greater idea of how appalling the governments inaction is. The writer also shocks her readers through the use of an alarming statistic, revealing the true magnitude of the deaths of unwanted animals. Furthermore, the use of a terrifying anecdote used together with colourful language, as well as the images in the piece alert readers to the severity of the dapple and appeal to ones empathy, ultimately encouraging us to share an equally outraged view.

Salem witch trials Essay Example for Free

capital of Oregon witch struggles EssayFear of Devil-worshipping and witchcraft swept through Salem, Massachusetts, like a plague. During the years of 1692 and 1693, more than 200 flockmen, women, and even childrenwere accuse of witchcraft (Blumberg). Words of friends, neighbors, and even complete strangers put m either peoples lives in danger. Nineteen people were hanged, one person pressed to cobblers break down, and four known deaths occurred in prison. The accusations, the trials, the executions, and the events leading up to and after the deaths, kept Salem, Massachusetts on its toes in this mass paranoia. It was 1689, concord to Blumberg, when Reverend Samuel Parris became the first ordained minister of Salem colonization. The attempt to depend for a new minister had failed, since the town of Salem had split to form grim outskirts known as Salem Farms and the original Salem Vill come along, and several Reverends and ministers before Parris were opposed against, or fast(a)ly disliked by the people. Parris answered to the c only of ministry and moved to Salem Village with his wife, daughter Elizabeth Betty Parris, age 9, niece Abigail Williams, age 11, and his Barbados slave, Tituba and her husband rear end (Gribben). Gribben wrote about Parriss daughter and niece spending time alone with the Barbados slave, Tituba, while unattended by any other adults. Parris trusted the slave for he had known her since he had bought her, and she was lazy and petulant. Parris did not see Tituba as a threat and left the girls in her concern after many times. As time passed, more girls would come and spend time with the Barbados slave. Tituba would tell the girls stories about Barbados, and of the witch doctors that lived there. The girls were interested and asked many questions concerning the topic of magic and witches. Tituba, who just believed in sorcery herself, had given in and showed the girls how to break an egg, so just the egg white would be suspen ded in a bowl of weewee to show who their future husbands would be. These lessons continued in secrecy with Tituba. Several girls were torn between the risk of the situation and the discussion of witchcraft. Abigail Williams saw this as a stainless game, and was very mischievous.Elizabeth on the other hand was rather nervous about the situation and guilt began to eat a itinerary at her. The guilt had a strong effect on the younger girl. She became rather distracted, and confused. She babbled nonsense, woke up screaming at night, and became weak, refusing or even forgetting to eat. But her guilt did not give her the courage to cut across to Reverend Parris what was taking place, and so the meetings continued. Itwas until a girl, who had to know what trade her sweetheart would be, saw a coffin suspended in the egg white of the bowl, that all hell broke loose. It was then that Elizabeth broke and began to fall into strange episodes or fits of convulsive seizures, blasphemous screami ng, and trance-like provinces (Gribben, Salem). Tituba began to fear foul play and witchcraft had befallen the young girls. She sunbaked a witchs cake that contained the urine of Abigail and Elizabeth and fed it to a dog, hoping the tormentor would be revealed. The dog became distracted and ran off, leaving Tituba with a feeling of hopelessness and paranoia. It wasnt until geezerhood later(prenominal) that Tituba had been blamed for the witchcraft. Elizabeth was in the middle of a violent fit. Tituba sent Abigail to fetch Reverend Parris while she tried to calm the crazed girl. The Reverend came in and tried to calm the girl as well. He sent for a doctor, but the doctor could not place the cause of fits in Elizabeth or Abigail, who showed the same symptoms days later. The doctor told Parris that the Evil Hand was among them, and left. When Elizabeth began to come to after one of her many spells, Parris asked the girl who it was that hurt her, but she didnt answer. He looked abo ut the room and settled on Tituba. When he asked if Tituba had caused this, Elizabeth repeated the name before going silent. Tituba confessed and Parris had Tituba arrested (Gribben). This wasnt the end of their paranoia in fact it was only the beginning. Several other Salem girls began having similar fits, and among them was Ann Putnam. Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne were criminate of witchcraft, after the Barbados slave Tituba. Sarah Good was just a homeless beggar, and Sarah Osborne was an elderly impoverished woman (Blumberg).The three girls were taken to trial however, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne tried to study their innocence. They were found guilty and taken to jail. Tituba, on the other hand, confessed to practicing and showing the girls witchcraft. Tituba claimed to have seen the Devil and signing his book, and also told of other witches in Salem Village who were desire to destroy the Puritans. As more and more girls began to suffer from this witchcraft, more and more peo ple were being blamed for the black magic (Blumberg). Most of the people were incriminate were well known, and some were even liked. The most damning accusation was against Martha Corey, an important member of the Puritan congregation. This accusation sent the Puritan community of Salem Village into a frenzy, fearing that Satans evilhad reached the heart of the community (Salem). The accusations didnt stop though men, women, and children were still accused and the paranoia was at its highest. Dorothy Dorcas Good was the first and only child at the age of four to be accused of witchcraft. Her timid answers were seen as a confession and she was arrested with her mother, Sarah Good. Dorothy stayed in jail for viii months before she witnessed her mother being taken and hanged (Linder). Accusations began to voltaic pile up, and many people were arrested, but no executions had been made until early June. Bridget Bishop was the first person hanged for witchcraft on June 10th, 1692 (Blum berg). After her death, many more witches were put to death by the gallows, on a place soon to be known as Gallows Hill. Five people were hanged in the month of July, five in August, and eight in September. A total of nineteen people had been killed by the gallows (Blumberg).Martha and Giles Corey were both accused of practicing witchcraft and arrested. Giles Corey refused a trial and by the law of their church, had large stones rigid on him until he agreed to one. He never did, and was eventually pressed to death with large stones on September 19, 1692, three days before Marthas pause (Salem). The trials to condemn the accused varied. There were five ways for the people to claim their innocence, but many people were found guilty despite their attempts. The first trial was reciting the Lords Prayer (Witchcraft). If one could not recite the prayer, it was said that Satan was at work and blocked ones tongue from speaking the Word (Gribben). A former pastor, George Burroughs, was acc used of witchcraft and tried. He failed his trial in court, and as he was taken out to the gallows, he stopped before the move and recited the Lords Prayer word for word. The crowd was taken by shock, but Cotton Mather told them the man had his time in court and he failed. George Burroughs was put to death at the gallows (Linder). The second trial was the search for physical evidence such as warts, birthmarks, moles, and blemishes. These marks were said to be places on which demons suckled on witches to gain their power. The testimony of the accusers against the witches, spectral evidence, and the confession of the witches themselves, were the last three trials against the accused to convict them of witchcraft or send them home (Witchcraft). However, many were convicted and most were found guilty. Some people saw that the confessions were a way to escape the gallows, but would spend time in prisoninstead for practicing witchcraft (Linder). Many were still found guilty and put to de ath by hanging. According to Linder, as many as nineteen accused witches were hanged on Gallows Hill and one man was pressed to death in 1692. The dead ar listed as followed, along with their date of death. Bridget Bishop, the first person hanged, died on June 10th, 1692.Five women died on July 19th, 1692. The women were Rebecca Nurse, Sarah Good, Susannah Martin, Elizabeth Howe, and Sarah Wildes. Four men and one woman were hanged on August 19th, 1692. They were George Burroughs, Martha Carrier, John Willard, George Jacobs, Sr., and John Proctor. Giles Corey was the only death that occurred by being pressed to death on September 19th, 1692. On September 22nd, 1692, Martha Corey, Mary Eastey, Ann Pudeator, Alice Parker, Mary Parker, Wilmott Redd, Margaret Scott, and Samuel Wardwell were hanged. The last four known deaths did not have a known date, but the following people died in prison Sarah Osborne, Roger Toothaker, Lyndia Dustin, and Ann Foster. Two dogs were also killed, for ma ny believed that Satan could take form of the hounds (Witchcraft). The hysteria, convictions, and condemnations began to seize and die down in the winter months (Salem). Governor Phipps called an end to the witch trials, and relieved all those remaining in prison, after his wife had been accused of witchcraft (Blumberg). Over 250 years after the Salem witch trials, the state of Massachusetts found the trials to have been unlawful and the names were cleared of charges. The state gave money to the heirs of the deceased, and apologized for the trials that had taken place (Blumberg).

Do attitudes predict behaviour

Do emplacements predict doingsDo attitudes predict demeanour?The relationship amongst attitudes and demeanor is one of the most controversial topics in loving psychology. Though the definition of attitudes support not be confirmed yet, this try on uses the description in Hoggs and Vaughans book (1995) that attitudes argon a general feeling or evaluation or so persons, object or issue as well(p) as a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings and behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, evens or symbols. This definition indicates that there is a close relationship amidst attitudes and behaviour. While some critical evidences arose to show that attitudes have little predictive power on behaviour later on the LaPieres experiment (1934), the relationship amongst attitudes and behaviour is still being researched as one of the main topic in the social psychology during recent years. This essay will analyse the affiliation between the at titudes and behaviour. This essay begins by looking at the attitude-behaviour inconsistency and then will go on to focus on the theory of planned behaviour which whitethorn be regarded as the key theory to deal with the attitude-behaviour relationship.It is so naive as to think a persons attitudes and behaviour ar linked directly and consistently. It can be seen all the time that people say they want to discover fit but they never do excises, people are worried about global warming while they are driving high exhaust cars and using air-conditions.The discovery of the attitude-behaviour inconsistency goes back to 1930s America depending on the dally of the Stanford sociologist Richard LaPiere. At that time, the people in the US had a strong prejudice on Asian. After LaPiere and his two Chinese friends traveled through the US, they were pleasantly surprise to find that out of the 250 hotels and restaurants they visited, all but one served them courteously. Six months later, LaPier e sent a questionnaire to all the hotels and restaurants they visited, asking will you accept members of the Chinese race as guests in your establishment? Incredibly 90% of participants answered no, they would not accept Chinese race into their establishment. This experiment do shows the inconsistency of attitudes and behaviour. After this research, Wicker (1969) found that the amount correlation between attitudes and behaviour was only 0.15, which indicated the weak link between attitudes and behaviour. Though LaPieres experiment caused critics to the attitude-behaviour consistency, it did not deny the link between attitudes and behaviour. LaPieres experiment was not designed for attitudes research and there were some problems lay in the questionnaire that may lead some mistakes in this study the people who answered the questionnaires might not be the person who severed the Chinese couple the responders did not be told that the Chinese couple was polite, educated and well-dressed attitudes may have changed during the six months.One of the check work outs in LaPieres experiment is the criterion method of attitudes. It is not easy to measure attitudes and researchers rely heavily on asking people and using questionnaires which are all self- diagnosed methods. States by Fiske (2004), self-report measurement is more easily to gain the univocal attitudes than the implicit attitudes. When the conflict between explicit and implicit attitudes happened, behaviour is always coursed by implicit attitude. As implicit attitudes always gained from indirect and complex methods, self-described method can hardly indicates it. The research done by Sherman, move up and Koch, et al (2003) on implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking shows that implicit attitudes can predict behaviour more stably and accurately. Implicit attitudes are seldom influenced by other factors which can disassemble the understanding between attitudes and behaviour. In the other wor ds, the using of self-described questionnaires for measuring the attitudes may become a cause of inaccuracy in the anticipation of the behaviour.Another important factor influenced LaPieres study is the six months. Though attitude is a stable and enduring evaluation, it may change as the time went by. So as the questionnaires were done after six months, the participants attitudes may have changed during the six month which may lead to the illusion that attitudes do not predict behaviour. As to the other studies on the link between attitudes and behaviour, time interval always exists between the measurement of attitude and behaviour. Some times it would last a long time, six months, a month or some times just a week. But no matter how long it was, attitude may probably have changed during this period. This will influence the consistency between attitude and behaviour as well. When attitudes are used to predict behaviour, it would be influenced by many different variables, such as the methods of attitudes measurement as mentioned above, the attitude strength, social norm, past experience and habits, etc. So the relationship between attitudes and behaviour is not related in a one-to-one fashion (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). The general models dealing with link between attitudes and behaviour are the creatored action theory (TRA) and the planned behaviour theory (TPB). These two theories are not in conflict, TPB is an improvement of the first theory. The reasoned action theory was first put forward by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1974 which believed that behavioural intention is the end of the combination of subjective norm and attitude towards the behaviour and the behavioural intention leads to the behaviour. That is people will behaviour after evaluated by the attitude towards the behaviour and try the propriety by the subjective norm. It emphasises that people can control the behaviour consciously, for example, I can do exercises regularly if I really want to keep fit . However, as it mentioned above, there are few people do exercise though they want to keep fit. Further more some kinds of behaviour are less under peoples conscious control. For example, people will behave under the automatically activated attitudes without thinking rationally to choose the best reason for action. The repeated behaviour such as smoking as a habit may become divorced from attitude. This kind of automatically activated attitude like habits occurs frequently in daily. So people may only think rationally when they faced new or difficult situations. In addition, a behaviour that performed successfully not only depends on the behavioural intention, but also some other variables, such as opportunities and technologiesPeach, . Jimmieson and White, 2005 In order to describe the link between attitudes and behaviour more accurately, the planned behaviour theory (TPB) was carried out by Ajzen at 1989 as the extension of the original theory. Perceived behavioural control is th e improvement in the TPB which means the persons belief about how easy or difficult to perform an act. To make such a decision, people indigence to combine the past experience with the present obstacles. The accuracy of the prediction of behaviour was improved in the study that Beck and Ajzen (1991) have done about the students dishonest behaviour since the perceived behavioural control has been measured (Hogg and Vaughan, 1995). So in the TRA and TPB, both the external variables such as opportunities, resources and the peoples internal variables such as normative beliefs and abilities are taken into consideration. This combination of external and internal makes TPB becomes the key theory dealing with the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. In these two theories, the action could be predicted if the persons attitude and social norm are favorable, as well as the level of perceived behavioural control is high.In this essay, the relationship between attitudes and behaviour ha s been analysed. The inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour was described followed by the reasons why this could happen in the LaPieres experiment. The self-report measurement which is widely used to measure attitudes has been evaluated as it would cause some inaccuracy in the prediction of future actions. The reasoned action theory (TRA) and planned behaviour theory (TPB) have been introduced in details as the main theories dealing with the link between attitudes and behaviour. To conclude, attitudes do predict behaviour once the variables in the measurement and the TPB are well-controlled. The scope of this paper was limited by the lack of introducing other variables influence the correspondence between attitudes and behaviour. However the first step is to realizse that attitude can predict behaviour no matter storge or weak.ReferenceFiske S T. Social macrocosm a Core Motive Approach to Social psychology. John Wiley Sons, Int, 2004. 244249Hogg, Michael A. and Vaughan, Gra ham M. (2005). Social Psychology. Essex Pearson Education Limited. 150171Peach M, Jimmieson N L, And White K M. Beliefs inherent employee readiness to support a building relocation a theory of planned behavior perspective. Organization Development Journal, 2005, 23(3), 923Sherman S J, Rose J S and Koch K, et al. Implicit and explicit attitudes toward cigarette smoking The effects of context and motivation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2003, 22(1), 1340

Reflective Essay On Patient Encounters Using Gibbs Cycle Nursing Essay

Reflective try out On Patient Encounters Using Gibbs Cycle Nursing EssayIn this essay, I will reflect upon a follow through which I had with a long-suffering using the Gibbs cycle of reflection (Gibbs, 1998) to help to signpost my coif and help the reader to read this essay with ease.Description of the event During my clinical placement I have encountered a number of patients, distributively one possessing a unique personality thereby required a slight adaptation of my professional behaviour in order to communicate most effectively with each individual. During one particular placement inwardly my allocated hospital, I encountered a patient who was younger than the patients that I had previous met and conversed with over the previous months. The patient, aged 3 months, be the clinic with his fix regarding his physiotherapy for his Cystic Fibrosis (CF). I was asked to carry out a subjective assessment of the patient however, the setting of this encounter was rather different f rom the set-up which had been employ in the past, and although I had seen patients who were younger in the past, this patient was different as it rapidly became apparent that he had been brought by his father who was futile to speak smooth-spoken English and was also unable to check much English at all.In the normal situation with young patients, due to the patients young age and the straw man of her father, it would be typical to direct most of the questioning towards the patients parents or guardian with whom they attended rather than at the patient himself, despite the necessary inclusion of the patient in the discussion wherever possible. I would then physically assess the patient. However, in this setting, it was very difficult to ask any questions to some(prenominal) the patient or to their parent and instead, most of the information about the health of the patient and their physiotherapeutic interventions which they required was gained from the examination of the patien t and not from any information which they submitd.Feelings Upon reflection, I bump that although, at first the situation did both feel and appear new and challenging, my ability to communicate with the client was not helped by the fact that I was unable to think of a new way to phrase the questions, which I had. In addition, the patients father kept looking at the trained physiotherapist (my mentor) for reassurance and guidance with the style being used and thus, this do me also look towards my mentor for help. When my mentor took over the line of questioning, and the conduction of the assessment, his approach was to ask the patients the questions in a gilded and slow voice. This appeared to aid the patients fathers understanding greatly. I felt, at this point however, that I had let myself and the mentor down, as I was unable to conduct the procedures which I was expecting to and I also felt that I had let the patient down, through my inability to communicate effectively with them.When examining the patient, my tutor made sure that he looked at the patients father at all times when speaking and also that he used body language to highlight the meaning of what he was saying also. This again, helped the patients father to understand the meaning of what was being carried out and what was being said. Visual aids were also used to ensure that the patients father understood. For example, when my tutor was asking whether the patient had taken his antibiotics for his CF and what physiotherapy he thought his child required. When asking such questions, he pointed to a prescription on his desk, which helped the father to understand what was being said. This clearly made the difference between the patient not understanding what was being said to gaining an appropriate understanding and being able to answer the questions properly and accordingly.Evaluation From this experience I also learnt that in the case of younger patients, particularly babies, it is important to be able to talk to the parents, as the patient themselves would be unable to provide information. This is because when a child has a condition such as CF, it is regularly the parents who will be worried and concerned about this and additionally it is the parents who deal with the physiotherapy and the treatments, which the child receives. Additionally, it will be the parents of the child who will manage the symptoms that their child has, and conduct the physiotherapeutic interventions on the child until they come of age where this can be continued by the child. In the case of the patient who was not fluent in speaking English, I have noted the importance of speaking both loudly, and slowly and using all the different sorts of body language possible in order to ensure that the patients parents were put at ease and were able to take hold of the questions, which were being asked.Analysis My experience has taught me that in order to improve my communication skills with patients of diff erent languages, I will convey to increase my interaction with a station of patients with different native languages and those who are not fluent in speaking English. This will most likely be achieved through increased exposure to patients within my clinical placement and I will try to ensure that I increase my exposure to individuals of a variety of nationalities wherever possible within my placements. coming upon this patient and his father also highlighted the requirement to adapt not only the language used when asking questions, but also the language tone and the spirit of my body language used throughout the assessment.Conclusion In conclusion, due to the presence of both the patient (the baby) and his father, not only did this patient encounter bestow with it the challenge of the language barrier, but it also brought the experience of needing to integrate multiple people into a conversation without loosing the flow of the conversation. For example, it was clear that there was a need to build a rapport with the patient themselves, despite their young age, in order to put them at ease during their physical, physiological examination. This is important for physiotherapists to establish a good patient rapport, especially with children, in order to make physical assessment easier. This was clear because when the patient first entered the direction, he was looking around the room and not smiling very frequently. After being within our company for a small amount of time, and after I had smiled at the patient and looked at him to engage him when speaking to his father it was clear that he felt much more relaxed and comfortable as he began to smile and look at us when we were talking. He was less interested in his surroundings and appeared to be much more at ease.Action plan The experience also showed that I must work on my communication skills and my coping strategies in different clinical situations. Thus, in the future, I aim to increase my level of exp osure to patients of all ages by attending a variety of physiotherapy clinics and talking to patients. This should help in the development of such skills and make experiences such as this, much easier to manage effectively.

Batch Reactor As A Plant Engineering Essay

hoi polloi reactor As A Plant engine room EssayWhat is a plant unit. All Equipment that make up a plant discount be divided into 3 different categories or levels, the high gearest universe the Plant as a whole, then the plant units and the lowest atomic number 18 the plant items.While the actual plant performs an over any production, the Plant unit refers to the briny comp 1nts of a Plant which perform a major production last of the Plant and without which the Plant nooky not continue its operations. A Plant unit is make up of items but it can be replaced as a whole (Anthony Kelly)In this Plant, the Batch Reactor receives raw substantives from the raw material storage, processes them for a certain amount of fourth dimension then transfers them to the centrifuge provide vas.From the above diagram, it is obvious that the Batch Reactor is a major comp starnt of the plant and from its function it is seen that the reactor must process the raw material for progress to be d o to the next stage of production.I am at that placefore concluding this as my explanation as to why the Batch reactor is a plant unit.Explain Your Reasons For Concluding That This social unit Is Critical For Production.Several Factors determine how critical a piece of equipment is to production. They includeWill the Equipment affect safety in the plant?Will the Equipment not working cause downtime in the plant?How easily can the Equipment be maintained?What is the cost of this criminal support?What is the current situation of the Equipment? (Paul Wheelhouse)Now each of the incidentors can be used to examine the Batch Reactor and after(prenominal) which an educated decision can be make.The Batch Reactor affects the safety in the plant because its function involves the warmthing of chemicals under pressure and its failure readiness cause the let outage of these chemicals or at the worst lead to an explosion in the Plant.If the Batch Reactor was to stop working, there would b e protract downtime until it is icy this is due to the fact that the Reactor performs a major function in the Plant without which further production would come to a halt.The Batch Reactor is made up of a number of different items, some of which can be run-to-failure, but for the most an established schedule of nutrition must be made for. Without such a schedule, keep would be most difficult to carry out.The cost of maintaining the Batch Reactor may vary but if is not correctly attended to one fault baron lead to another even bigger one so the cost of maintaining might increase.The items in the Batch Reactor comport a look plan which is currently not being kept to this means the Equipment requires monitoring to avoid random failure or prolonged breakdown and downtime.On the account of the above facts, it is my belief that the Batch Reactor needs to be labelled as critical.Extract each User Requirements For This Designated whole From The Plant Description. Are There Any Prod uction Windows?What ar User requirements? This simply refers to the specifications that are inbuilt in a piece of equipment so that it might be able to fulfil the end users needs according to those tasks which it is used to perform.In line with the plant description endown on this expositicular Batch Reactor, a number of user requirements can be ascertained and these are magnetic diped belowTo receive 18te of raw materials from the raw material storage.To remain sealed and heat its contents through a preset temperature / time profile by use of a temperature control system consisting of a thermocouple in a temperature pocket, a temperature controller and a control valve.That the control valve regulates the supply of low pressure locomote.That its temperature alarm signal when the temperature exceeds 1250C.That all safety relief valves work in event of an increase of temperature past the safety limit of 1250C.That the bottom run off valve opens when the operation is complete and releases the contents from the Batch reactor to the centrifuge move over vessel by the discharge pump.That the operation lasts 10 hours only.What is a production windowpane? This is a period during production in which aliment procedures can be carried out without causing a halt in production. With emphasis on the Batch reactor it can be seen that there is a production window and this can be explained below.While the fate reactor makes 18te of product every 10 hours, the centrifuge processes this product at a rate of 1.5te an hour i.e. it would have completely used up the 18te of product in 12 hours. Since it takes 10 hours for the big money reactor to work, this would give a 2 hour production window in which it can be justly maintained.Also depending on the capacity of the centrifuge storage vessel, it is possible for the batch reactor to work overtime cream this feed vessel up and then be switched off and maintained while the centrifuge is operated using the formerly store d produce in the centrifuge feed vessel.Extract Any Corporate Requirements for This Unit From The Plant Description.What are integrated requirements? These are the requirements which the upper management or Business sector of the company course plant desire from its industrial operations in order to make a suitable return on its investments (ROI).From the plant description the following corporate requirements can be made belowThat its keeps to its scheduled annual shutdown period of 16 hours during week 40 each year.That all alimony pertaining to the batch reactor abides by the permit to work system which controls all maintenance activities.That the batch reactor achieves a 25 year spirit and that the gearboxes achieve a 15 year life as well.That the batch reactor remains well-painted, clean and tidy at all times.Extract Any Legislative Requirements for This Unit From The Plant Description.What are legislative requirements? These are Plant requirements made by the Law, rules or regulations or the Country in which the Plant operates. They must be utilize in order for the plant to avoid sanctions or being shut down.In this particular plant description they includeThat the Batch Reactor abides by the rules by the FDA and British pharmaceutical Society put in place for their license h olders.All production and maintenance activities involving the Batch reactor comply with the respectable Manufacturing practise (GMP).That the processes involving the Batch Reactor are as okayed by the quality streamer ISO 9002.That the batch reactor conforms to the environmental standard ISO14000.That if used by the pharmaceutic inspection team up, the batch reactor must pass any risk-based inspections based on a DNV methodology that might be carried out.Comment On If just about of The tasks Designed For Shutdown Could be Done During Production Windows Or When The Plant Is Online. Could Any Of These Tasks Be Designated For Completion During Production Windows Be Completed O nline?We have previous explained what production windows are and when a Plant is online refers to when the plant is carrying its usual operational procedures. From the work do previously in section 1.3, we now know that there is a definite 2 hour production window during which the batch reactor can be maintained while the centrifuge is working. In flavor at the life plan for the batch reactor unit, there are a certain amount of tasks that could be done in 2 hours and should be moved from shut down to production window, these areThe replacement of the quash of the CV1 every 2 years.The pressure testing and inspection of the SV1 every 6 years.The optic check of the fomenter every 6 years.The SV2 pressure testing and inspection every 6 years.There is only one task put to be completed when there is a production window and it can be done while the Plant is online. This is the weekly visual check on the Agitator coupling, because if it is checked while online it might lead to the loca tion of which wouldnt have being seen if the equipment was offline.Analyse The Recorded Jobs From The Computer Maintenance Management trunk (CMMS) For This Unit. Is There Any Evidence Which Confirms That The Life Plan Is Being Carried out? Is There Any Evidence To Say If The Life Plan Is Effective Or Not?What is a Life plan? All plant units or manufacturing stages in production are designed to have a certain life. To fulfil this, maintenance plans are put in place to achieve this expected equipment life and if possible, to exceed it. These maintenance plans are called Life plans. (Wheelhouse, 2008)On comparing the life plan of the batch reactor to the computer maintenance management system (CMMS) it can be seen that the life plan isnt being carried out. This is due to the factor that there is a unique difference between the standard time taken to maintain every single unit item in the reactor and the actual time the subscriber line was done in hours, meaning the maintenance done cannot be adequately planned for and could lead to excessive downtime.It can be seen that for this singular reason the life plan of the batch reactor is not capable of being effective.Use The get ins, Plant Description And The Data From The CMMS To Analyse The Unit Into Its Maintenance Causing Items. using the figure 1 shown previously and the figure 2 shown directly above as well as the Life plan and the CMMS, the maintenance causing items can be broken down as done belBatch Chemical ReactorCV1Agitator CouplingTemperature controllerGearboxMotor frontOil sealAgitatorTrimAgitator gear boxReactor watercraftTemperature sensorPumpMotorPump bearingSV1SV2P1V1VesselJacketFigure 3 The Maintenance Causing Items in a Batch Chemical ReactorDevelop your own life plan for these maintenance causing items using the task selection logic for Reliability Centred Maintenance.RCM WORK SHEET transcription CHEMICAL PLANTSUB-SYSTEM BATCH CHEMICAL REACTORSUB-SYSTEMFUNCTIONFUNTIONALFAILUREFAILUREMODEFAIL UREEFFECTCRITICALITYRESPONSETIMEFREQUENCYCV1Regulates supply of lowPressure steam inefficient to supplySteam at all.SuppliesInadequate steamFaulty TrimAbsence or insufficientSupply of steamHighReplace trim3 hrs2 yearly(Production window)Agitator MotorGearboxTransmit exercise to theAgitatorFails to transmit motionTo the Agitator.Broken sealShortage of lubrication damage bearingsWorn gear teethOil leakageDamage to gearboxMediumMonitor vibrationsand check oil color sealand condition.2 hrs (vibrationmonitoring),12 mins oilinspectionMonthly Vibrations, periodical oil seal checks(Online)AgitatorCouplingConnects Agitator motor gearboxto Agitator for motion transmissionDoesnt transmit motionFrom gearbox to agitator.Transmits inadequateMotion.Slackness in fittingDoesnt give agitatorThe necessaryTransmitted motion.MediumTighten coupling asrequired.6 minsDaily (online)TemperatureControllerControls the temperature qualificationsure it doesnt exceed 1250 CUnable to read thecorrect temperatur e.Faulty temperaturesensor .Increase or reductionof reactor temperatureon wrong information.HighRecalibratetemperature sensor.2 hrs2 year (Productionwindow)SV1Releases the pressure steam in thevessel during times of alert.Unable to releaseexcess pressure steamBlockage at valveoutlet.Crack in valvePressure steam isnot released properly orin time.HighInspect, pressure testand recondition ifnecessary.3 hrs6 yearly (Shutdown)SV2Releases excess steam in the jacketin times of alertUnable to releaseexcess steamBlockage at valveoutlet.Crack in valvePressure steam isnot released properly orin time.HighInspect, pressure testand recondition ifnecessary3 hrs per annum (Productionwindow)AgitatorShakes, stirs mixes the rawmaterials in the reactor.Unable to stir or mixRaw materials. change bladesEroded surfaceRaw materials arenot complex properly.MediumRecoat or replace asnecessary.3 hrsRe-coat or replace asnecessary.(Shutdown)JacketMaintain its integrity and containraw materials during processi ng.Leakage of materialsduring processing.Damaged or erodedParts.Contents leak outcausing contamination.HighPressure test andrepair as necessary.5 hrsYearly (Shutdown)V1Releases processed material toP1 pumpProcessed materialsnot releasedLeakage of materialduring releaseBlockage at valveoutletCrack in valveContents not releasedproperly.Contents leak outcausing contamination.HighLeak test and repairif necessary.15 minsDaily test (Online)P1Transfer processed materials fromreactor to centrifuge feed vesselLeaks materialUnable to pumpmaterials at all.Pumps materials atWrong rate.Replace seal ifnecessary.Replace pump ifnecessary.Contents leak.Contents not pumpedproperlyHighConditionmonitoringReplace seal ifnecessaryReplace pump ifnecessary.1.5 hrs(ConditionMonitoring)4 mins (Leaktest)Monthly conditionMonitoring (Online),Daily leak checks(online)Figure 1.4 Life Plan using RCM logic.Compare and contrast between your Life plan with the one described previously, comment on any similarities and differences.There are a number of ways in which my Life plan differs from the one previously given but there are also ways in which both are similar. Some of them are as listed belowTo begin, the first detail that can be noticed when comparing both life plans is that since I used the RCM selection logic, my life plan carries much more details as I included the functions, functional failures, failure modes, failure effect and cruciality of each subsystem or item. This will be particularly useful in settling up priorities as the criticality of each subsystem is set at low, medium or high depending on the considerations of safety, deed and dissemble of the subsystem or item on the rest of the plant.I brainstormed and added more failure modes and their activities than had being previously detect or had activities planned for in the previous life plan so as to further prepare maintenance personnel to be able to rule these failures if and when they do occur.I changed the time frame for certain activities to take into consideration the new 2 hour production window that was discovered earlier. This will table service reduce the amount tasks that are done during a shutdown and therefore cut down the downtime which the plant undergoes.I increased the amount of time to be used to accomplish most tasks due to the fact that in the previous life plan, insufficient time was allocated to these tasks so therefore they couldnt be planned or executed properly within the targets set for them.Now in terms of similarities, I observed that the keep backive maintenance and condition monitoring carried out on the Batch Reactor had matchd breakdowns were kept to a minimum so bearing this in mind, I retained all the activities from the old life plan and continue using them for the various items.I also continued to carry out maintenance activities at the same frequency that was mapped out in the old life plan as I believe that the punctuality with which activities were carried o ut improved the reliability of the equipment.CHAPTER 2Describe The Philosophy of Total deep Maintenance.What is TPM? Total plenteous Maintenance (TPM) refers to a management system for optimizing the productivity of manufacturing equipment through systematic equipment maintenance involving employees at all levels. Under TPM, everyone is involved in keeping the equipment in good working order to minimize production losings from equipment repairs, assists, set-ups, and the like. (http//www.siliconfareast.com/tpm.htm).The goal of TPM is to increase production while at the same time boosting employee morale and pedigree satisfaction. (Venkatesh. J) This is possible because there would be less downtime as TPM is carried out by the Operators on the items or machinery which they use as they, the maintainers and Designers work as a team towards the total elimination of equipment defects in the Plant (Paul Wheelhouse).History of TPMTPM is a Japanese idea that can be traced back to 1951 wh en preventive maintenance was introduced into Japan from the USA. Nippondenso, part of Toyota, was the first company in Japan to introduce plant wide preventive maintenance in 1960. In preventive maintenance operators produced goods using machines and the maintenance group was dedicated to the work of maintaining those machines. However with the high level of automation of Nippondenso, maintenance became a problem as so many more maintenance personnel were now required. So the management decided that the routine maintenance of equipment would now be carried out by the operators themselves. This is known as Autonomous maintenance, one of the features of TPM. The maintenance group then focussed only on maintenance works for upgrades. For pioneering TPM, Nippondenso became the 1st company to receive TPM certification (wikipedia).Why Use TPM?For TPM to be used in an Organisation, everyone from senior management to the operators on the floor must be carried along and made to understand w hy this particular system is being used. For this to happen effectively, the Motives, Objectives and benefits must be fully stated out and properly absorbed. The table below gives a generic illustrationMotives of TPMAdoption of life cps approach for improving the overall performance of production equipment.Improving productivity by highly motivated workers which is achieved by job enlargement.The use of voluntary midget group activities for identifying the cause of failure, possible plant and equipment modifications.Uniqueness of TPMThe major difference between TPM and other concepts is that the operators are also made to involve in the maintenance process. The concept of I (Production operators) Operate, You (Maintenance department) fix is not followed.TPM ObjectivesAchieve Zero Defects, Zero Breakdown and Zero accidents in all functional areas of the organization.Involve people in all levels of organization.Form different teams to reduce defects and Self Maintenance.Direct benef its of TPMIncrease productivity and OPE (Overall Plant Efficiency ) by 1.5 or 2 times.Rectify node complaints. shave the manufacturing cost by 30%.Satisfy the customers needs by 100 % (Delivering the right quantity at the right time, in the required quality.)Reduce accidents.Follow pollution control measures.Indirect benefits of TPMHigher confidence level among the employees.Keep the work place clean, neat and attractive.Favourable change in the carriage of the operators.Achieve goals by working as team.Horizontal deployment of a new concept in all areas of the organization.Share knowledge and experience.The workers get a whim of owning the machine.Figure 4 .TPM tableSource An Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance (Venkatesh. J)For TPM to start properly, the OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) should be calculated and a loss analysis performed to give both a baseline for continuous upgrading and ascertain the improvement priorities.This will allow the operator/ shopping centre maintenance team to prioritize and then contract the 6 classic losses ofBreakdownsSet-ups and changeoversRunning at reduced speedsMinor stops and idlingQuality defects, scrap, yield and reworkStarting up lossesThe above losses add to the direct costs. Implementation of TPM attacks these and other direct (visible) costs as well as indirect (hidden) costs and follows each tincture in the production and supply chain from Management to the human resources to the Machine to the process, then to suppliers and finally to the customers (Willmott and McCarthy).Components of TPMFigure 4 Pillars of TPMSource An Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance (Venkatesh. J)As shown above, TPM is made up of 8 main aspects which when combined present the full TPM package. They areThe 5 S which are primarily the substructure of TPM and involve organising the workplace. These are sorting, systematising, sweeping, standardising and self-discipline.Autonomous maintenance which refers to the o perators handling most or in cases all of the maintenance concerning the machines which they operate.Kobetsu Kaizen means small improvements or changes for the better of the organisation. intend maintenance entails scheduled maintenance which is done to ensure trouble free machines and equipments producing defect free products for total customer satisfaction.Quality maintenance is aimed at providing customer satisfaction by providing the highest quality through defect free manufacturing.Training to give employees a multi skilled edge.Office TPM to ensure administrative efficiency as well.Safety, health and environmental awareness to ensure zero accidents, zero health damages and zero fires (Venkatesh. J).Describe a Case Study Where TPM has been successfully utiliseThe case study which I wish to use is that of RHP Bearings. This RHP Bearings branch which is in Blackburn, manufactures cast iron bearing housings for a variety of uses from agricultural machinery to fairground rides, an d is one of seven RHP manufacturing sites in Europe owned by Japanese group NSK, the worlds second largest bearings manufacturer.How TPM was carried out.NSK acquired RHP in 1990, when the Blackburn site was under the imminent threat of closure because of high costs and the subsequent lack of competitiveness. Employing a staff of 93, TPM was then introduced to the site in 1993 but it didnt see much success till 1996 due to the fact that the earlier efforts to drive TPM had been largely theoretical and the workforce faded to see its relevance to the everyday running of the plant. In 1996 a maintenance company was brought in to do a scoping study of the plant, conduct a workshop and support two pilot TPM projects.The Plant Manager and the TPM facilitator then began to implement measures to ensure TPM was made directly relevant to the jobs of the staff. Operators were sent off to climb over their machines and log problems through a detailed condition appraisal, to establish a foundation for prospective TPM improvements.TPM was piloted on two key machines, the PGM core making machine in the foundry and the Shiftnal sphering machine in the machine shop, using a detailed seven-step TPM writ of execution programmeCollection and calculation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) DataAssessing the six lossesCriticality assessment and condition appraisalRisk assessment renovation planAsset care and best practice routinesRegular review for problem solvingTPM is applied to machines of all ages from new to 30 years old, ensuring that older machinery is brought up to modern specification and newer machinery is kept in as-new condition. The TPM was applied at the site by 9 different equipment teams focusing on specific machinery and involving 60% of the workforce. These teams included operators, maintainers, quality technicians and group leaders also drawing on help from personnel with specialist skills when necessary.Each Team developed a standard routine for their resp ective machines usingAutonomous Maintenance System (AMS) boards which show a schematic of the machine then tags with labels to show losses affecting availability, performance and quality. These labels are then used to generate TPM agendas for team meetings.TPM step notices which illustrate the machines progress in TPM seven step programme.Mainpac database which is used to gather machine performance details and calculate the OEE.Key performance indicators which the teams use to accesses their improvement and progress in areas of waste sand, Gas emissions, Kaizen, Customer returns, lost time incidents, injurious accidents, canvas and product conformance.Each team then has an activity board covering subjects such as milestone activities and previous days conformance result among others. To ensure TPM succeeded, Teams had to dedicate substantial time to carrying out laid down activities and held meetings as needed.Benefits of TPMImplementing TPM had both direct and indirect effect on t he production system a combination of which generated major savings at RHP, Blackburn. Major Site-wide benefits were scored in the following areas400,000 running costs savedUnit cost reduced by 21%Scrap reduced by 8%Attracting increased capital investment currently at 15% of turnover and Customer returns reduced by 11%Increased customer satisfactionImproved safety recordEnvironmental and quality awardsImprovement in staff moraleThe two key machines (The Shiftnal sphering and the PGM core making machine) also had major total cost saving OEE improvements as well as other time saving and cost reduction achievements making the TPM well worth it (Willmott and McCarthy).Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) As Applied in a Section of a PlantWhat is RCM? RCM is a method for developing and selecting maintenance alternatives based on safety, operational and economical criteria. RCM employs a system perspective in its analyses of system functions, failures of functions and prevention of these functions (Jones, R.B).So RCM requires in-depth of the machinery, detailing all logic problems and their maintenance solutions and as such can be quite time consuming, for this reason it is usually used only on the critical equipment. The use of RCM methodology requires that 7 questions be answeredWhat are the functions of the Asset?What are the functional failures?What causes the functional failures?What happens when the failure occurs?How much does each failure matter?Can we predict or prevent failure and should we be doing so?How should we manage the failure if prediction or prevention is not an option?(Paul Wheelhouse)Now in order to answer the above questions, a System analysis process is used to begin RCM on any section of the plant. This System process will implement several steps, all of which define and characterize RCM and will methodically delineate the information required for the maintenance footprint 1. System selection and Information collection Taking decisions as t o what level of the plant at which to do the RCM and also choosing this system or section based on criticality i.e. based on function and impact on plant and environment.Step 2. System Boundary Definition This involves creating an accurate list of what is or is not part of the section so an accurate list of components can identified and to establish what comes in and what leaves the System(IN and OUT interfaces). This is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the Systems analysis process.Step 3. System description and functional Block diagram This is used to identify and document the essential details of a system that are needed to perform the remaining steps in a sodding(a) and technical fashion. The five separate items are developed in this stepSystem DescriptionFunctional Block DiagramIN/OUT interfacesSystem Component listEquipment historyStep 4. System Functions and Functional failures involves classifying each OUT interface of the system into its functions and identifying the fai lures which might hinder these functions.Step 5. Failure expressive style and Effect analysis (FMEA) involves analyzing each component failure to discover which have the potential to disruption their function and then detailing what exactly these effects could be. This is done using functional failure-equipment matrix.Step 6. Logic (Decision) Tree Analysis (LTA) the failure modes which pass through effects analysis will now go through this process. The purpose of this step is to further prioritize the emphasis and resources that should be devoted to each failure mode on the basis that all Authority (TVA). TVA is a power production plant wholly owed by the US government and equipment, functions and failures are not the same. The LTA identifies the failure modes in 3 aspectsSafetyDowntimeEconomics (Finance)Step 7. Task selection In this step, applicable maintenance tasks which are most effective to combat the detailed failure modes are listed, at the same time decisions on whether to run-to-failure or design out

Origins of the English Civil War Essay -- european history, british hi

The English Civil War of 1642-1651 can be considered as a feud between the King and the English Parliament. Long before the onset of the civil war, Parliament and king Charles I had distrusted each other. As a result, Parliament often refused to finance the kings wars. Unable to gain enough support from Parliament, Charles I challenged local control of nobles and landowners, who composed of the majority of Parliament, by levying new tariffs and duties, attempting to collect discontinued taxes, and subjecting English property owners toforced loan and then imprisoning those who refused to payas well as quartering troops in private homes (Craig et al. 560). Parliament attempted to control the kings power when it presented to Charles the Petition of Right in 1628. This petition required that there would be no loans or taxation without the take to of Parliament, that Charles would not be able to imprison any free man without due cause, and that no troops would be quartered in private ho mes. Although Charles initially agreed to the petition, he dissolved Parliament in 1629 and did not recall it again until 1640. Parliaments resentment of the kings tyrannical actions combined with its resistance to control the king refused to grant Charles financial support for the war with Ireland in 1640. Charles retaliated and made inevitable a civil war when he dissolved Parliament once more and arrested five of its members (Taylor vii). The resulting tension between Charles and Parliament eventually erupted in a Civil War in 1642 and lasted until 1651. Many scholars have been associating the phenomenon of the English Civil War to a variety of causes and motives. Among Parliaments support... .... Furthermore, Charles I had attempted to make himself the first despot by reducing Parliament to a nullity (Macaulay 64). It should be noted that during the time of Charles I, the king had no standing army, and that the king could not legally raise cash without the consent of Parliamen t (Taylor 3, 4). However, because Charles had always been in favor of the notion of absolute monarchy (Taylor viii), he had dared to make extraparliamentary actions without the consent of Parliament. These included the trespass onto the constitutional rights of the English people, levying taxes without the consent of Parliament, imprisoning civilians and court nobles alike without due cause, and quartering troops in private homes during times of war (Macaulay 63-64). All these actions challenged local control of nobles and landowners (Craig et al. 560).

Sam Rayburn :: Essays Papers

surface-to-air missile Rayburnsurface-to-air missileuel surface-to-air missile Taliaferro Rayburn was born in Tennessee in 1882. He was the eighth of 11 children. When Sam was 5 he moved west with his family to a 40-acre cotton farm just outside the small community of Flag Springs, Texas. At the age of 18, Sam left the family farm and went to East Texas Normal College in Commerce. His father sent him off with $25 and he added to that by sweeping school rooms, ringing the home bell and building fires in school stoves. After a year of college, he paid debts and earned more money teaching in Greenwood, Texas. He then returned to Commerce and finished his trio-year degree in two years.Sam first ran for public office in 1906 when he was elected to the Texas House of Representatives. succession serving in the legislature, he attended and graduated from law school at the University of Texas in Austin. After two terms as State Representative, Sam was reelected to serve as speaker of the Texas House. He was only 29 at this time.In 1912, Sam ran for the U.S. House of Representatives. After winning that election, he, as a democrat never again faced a Republican opponent. During his 48 years in the House, Rayburn served as minority leader for four years, majority leader for three years, and speak for 17 years. Even though he was a Democrat for life, he tended to be more moderate on most issues and he was never afraid to be independent or cut across party lines about any specific issue. This earned him respect from both sides of the House floor.His legislative accomplishments include authorship of the Truth in Securities Act of 1933 and the Railroad Holding Company Bill. A year after those he authored bills that created the Securities and Exchange Commission and the federal Communications Commission. In 1935, he co-authored the Rural Electrification Act, which helped to bring electricity to most rural homes in America. As Democratic majority leader, Sam Rayburn guided prexy Franklin Roosevelts New Deal programs through the U.S. House.On the personal side, Sam Rayburn was briefly married to Metze Jones, the sister of Rep. Marvin Jones of Amarillo. They were married in October of 1927 and divorced about 10 weeks later.On November 16, 1961, Samuel Rayburn died from cancer of the pancreas.